The+First+Wave+German+and+Irish+Immigration+Discussion+Page


 * //__Direction:__ Please read the following questions carefully and use specific information from the documents to answer them. It would be helpful to you and the group if you would include quotations from the readings. Do NOT worry about giving the RIGHT answer, instead, concentrate on exploring the documents more closely, looking for the nuanced differences between the authors' arguments. For example, two writers might agree on a certain point, but one might use an economic argument while the other might use a political or cultural one to prove her/his point. Also, ask questions about the documents and the comments of other students on these documents. These questions, once discussed as a group, often lead to new insights. Good luck.//**


 * **What endeavoring to make a new life in America? What similarities/differences are evident between the German and Irish immigrants discussed in the documents?**
 * **To what extent do the documents reflect the theories of Oscar Handlin, John Bodnar, and T.H. Breen? You should include specific evidence (possibly quotations) to support you claims.**

The expectations for immigrants as they embarked for the United States were dependent on the reasons they were leaving their countries. Many of them were advised by relatives who had already emigrated to plan their trip well. Duden writes, “…I must advise against moving here by oneself and without careful consideration…without special preparation or adequate guidance, everyone will be exposed to chance more than he might expect.” (MP 98). And in a letter, Anna Maria Schano writes “…first of all you can get sick, second you may not earn anything, then it’s easy to get into debt instead of sending money to Germany to feed your family or bring them over here…” (MP 110). Prior to the potato famine of 1845, the Irish had a “progressive and natural system of emigration…” (MP 103), however, after the potato famine, they were forced to emigrate by their government. By the late nineteenth century emigration was looked upon as “…optimistic, promising opportunity and even ‘independence’ in a still-idealized America.” (MP 117) Some of the costs of leaving one’s home country were breaking up families perhaps never returning and perhaps not making it in America economically. However, if you survived two years in America, you most likely made it and were more economically stable. Some similarities between the German and Irish immigrants were their sense of solidarity against a common enemy, the British. Through the songs sang at the American Wakes, the Irish, “…all blamed Catholic Ireland’s sorrows and discontinuities on British oppression and depicted emigration as analogous to political banishment” (MP 120). In Burns piece, he states that “In New York there is scarcely a situation of honour or distinction…that is not filled by a descendant of some Irishman who lived in savage hatred of England…” (MP 105). Both groups are also hard workers, however, the Germans seemed to be more skilled workers and Burn also states that many of the German were agricultures as opposed to the Irish who tended to stay in the cities taking on various jobs. Maritza Chavez

The idea of transplantation, expressed by Bodnar was reflected in the readings. The Germans were able to transplant themselves in America by keeping their traditions and continuing to live their lives as they had back in Germany. In the piece by Conzen, she writes that there were two origins to why the Germans were able to keep their traditions and customs, those being their ethnic and religious roots. However, Handlin’s idea of ‘uprooting’ was described in Burn’s piece, “…Those emigrants who come to the country in early life very soon become Americans in feeling, manners, and habits but as a general rule it is very different with men who are advanced in years. Their thoughts, modes and habits have been fixed, they cannot, therefore, reconcile themselves to the new order of things without doing violence to their feelings.” (MP 106). T.H. Breen writes about “charter groups” setting the rules because they are the first to arrive or to settle a region. This idea is reflected amongst the Germans in Missouri where they settled and kept their religious and ethnic origins when they settled in this area. Maritza Chavez

The immigrants embarking on a new life in America, had many endeavors and expectations. The Germans, came as a family with the intentions of staying and making a better life for themselves. They expected to work hard, own land and prosper. The Irish came as male individuals to escape famine and the hardship of not being able to own their own land. The majority of these young males expected to go back to Ireland but, never made it there. One out of every twelve returned. The Irish, that stayed worked hard, established a life and prospered later on. Both groups, migrated to America, to improve their lot in life. The Irish, came because they had to, they needed to simple live. The Germans, came as a choice. They didn't come because of any life or death situations,but, came to improve their way of life. The difference between these two groups was that the Irish were unskilled, poor peasant and came to America alone. The Germans, came prepared with skills and money. They also came as a family, which added to their support system. Susan Gullo

The documents that are pertaining to the German immigration are best reflected in the theories of Oscar Handlin regarding the uprootedness of their entire families. They moved to America and settled in large German communities such as "Germania". As it pertains to the Irish, Handlin recognizes that their choice was "to emigrate or to die". (pg. 5) Bodnar, speaks about "the relationship between immigration and capitalism". (pg.9) The Germans, came to America with money and calculated the many different ways they could capitalize on their hard work and skills. Bodnar, speaks about the fears and hopes that revolve around everyday life, getting enough to eat and having one's own home illustrates the Irish predictament in the early 19th century. Breen's preception of creative adaptation applies to the localism of the German and Irish immigrants. Also, his theory on cultural density increases with increased population applies to both the Irish and the Germans. Susan Gullo

**German immigrants were skilled craftsmen and farmers, coming from Middle Germany in the late 1840s and 1850s. Settling in states like Missouri and Illinois, Germans fled Europe in the wake of the Revolutions of 1848. German-Hungarians, for example, settled by the Empress Maria Theresa in the mid-1700s on the Hungarian frontier, moved to the Chicago area. Many of the German immigrants also brought Catholicism to America. John Ouano ****The expectations of immigrants varied, there were Germans who felt it was going to be an amazing experience, that all you had to do was work hard, have some skill and come to America with some money and one will be okay if not better than their homeland. "People in Europe will not and cannot believe how easy and how pleasant it can be to live in this country" Pg (98). While a different immigrant, the Irish, had their own views and own reasons for leaving, reasons such as starvation and eviction. The Irish related emigrating to American as a live wake, a final farewell to the person leaving and grieving because this person is leaving his home, his parents. And all they can take with them are childhood memories. Often times they would say I will be back only to soften the blow. There were many ballads in which the Irish came up with, while their were some positive ones, what stood out to me were some which stated they are forced to leave to avoid starvation and others to fill them with guilt by stating they are abandoning their parents. "God keep all the mothers who rear up a child, And also the father who labors and toils. Trying to support them he works night and day, And when they are reared up, they then go away." Pg (118) This ballad also served as a reminder, that even if by some strange reason you do prosper, you still left people behind. Thus, if not by will, then forcing one to send remittance to parents or siblings. I can relate the Irish view on emigrating to America to Handlin because the Iris felt that you were pretty much dead when you left your homeland, that no matter what dreams you had, you can never adapt to the ways of the Americans. While I can relate The Germans to Bodnar because if you leave your country with the will to work and the ability to adapt then one can be much happier then the happiest German in Germany.****Jason Torres** As the german and the irish immigrant journeyed to the America they were expected just become sucessful over night. that was the notion i picked up in the readings. that it was going to be easy, and a kind of alleviation from life in home county. that even if they did not have the finance they would just work and repay it. ironically this notion was deciptive especially for the irish immigrants they often were starved, the first five years was rough(98). you have to work really hard (first face the oppressive phase) then gradually your are able to build your self. unlike what they were suduced to think that the land would be flowing with milk and honey, it was not you had to slave for that milk and honey. the germans were not shipped off to america it was more of there own personal choice. and they were granted the same privilages as citizens except inital political rights. but many irish immigants were decitfully shipped to america and they did experience worse conditions than in ireland, they irsh also, strongly missed home. how it identifes with previous readings is that some of the irish were like the uprooted as hanlin describes about the America experience and many Germans became the transplanted and Bochnar theorized. So there is a mixture of both ideas none exclusive to germans or irish but mix of both. **shineeka lindsay**
 * Embarking in for the United States, the immigrants were expected to be a hard working, lawfull, with morals, and values, for them to be accepted as a good citizen. To leave ones" home is a choice. People move to another country for various reasons. Some leave their homeland to avoid starvation or to escape unbearable family situations. Many move to avoid revolution and war. Others are escaping religious or political persecution. Some immigrants were brought to a new land against their will, as slaves. Some immigrate to be reunited with their loved ones. Some move in search of adventure. Throughout history, the number one reason has always been economic opportunity, the search for better land or a better job. The cost of leaving ones' home differs from the person leaving the country. Like the Immigrants from Ireland, who immigrated in 1847 to the U.S. due to starvation and poor conditions of their country." //This progressive and natural system of emigration, however, gave place within the last few years to a violent rush of famished, reckless human beings, flying from their native land (Ireland) to seek food in a distant and unknown country" (pg103)// For the Irish Immigrants, the benefits of leaving their old country was the chance of surviving. The chance to live, the chance to live!! "they had nothing to risk, everything to gain. Ah! Sir said a fellow passenger to me after bewailing the folly that tempted him to plunge his family into aggravated misfortune, ' we thought we couldn't be worse off than we war but now to our sorrow we know the differ for sure supposin' we were dying of starvation........ we had a chance of a doctor, if he could do no good the priest could for our souls.(pg104) These immigrants no matter the conditions of the new land, they were happy to be able to get that chance of freedom, food, everything they can ever want to achieve is here on the new land. They just have to think like an American, and their in with the crowd. The differences between the Irish and German immigrants were that the Irish were unskilled and thus forced to find employment near the large northern urban centers.**


 * What were the expectations of the immigrants as they embarked for the United States?**
 * (98)** To payoff their traveling expense and become free and prosperous to support his family.**(109)** My interpretation to Ana Marie Schano; letter is that she immigrated to America to amount a dream, apparently, she believed that such dream was coming to her easily, and found herself having to work and save in order to achieve something in life. She also addresses in the letter how one needs to work and not be ashamed of oneself for having to do so, for if you don’t you will see yourself as it was back home in her country.**What were the cost and benefits of leaving one’s home county and endeavoring to make a new life in America?**
 * (102)** Whyte; explains hoe he sold his land turning them into cash, leaving their comfort and independence to settle in America.**(104)** Although the Irishmen made some improved conditions in America, they never forgot their motherland.**What similarities /differences are evident between the German and Irish immigrants discussed in the documents?**
 * (102)** //The principal trading branches of businesses in which Irishmen are generally successful is that of the liquor store, a trade which the Irish and Germans maybe said to divide between then.//
 * (104) The young members of the Celtic family transformed in both manners and personal appearance of those in America. (T.H. Breen) *Charter Group* New comers need to do two things; 1. Adjust, 2. Language.. Also, “They don’t become Americans, They become hyphenated.”**
 * To what extent do the documents reflects the theories;**
 * Oscar Handlins; (98)** Gottfried talks about Jacob Haun, seven years without any assistance, he acquired a fortune of three thousand Thalers, his wife bore him five children, and household was now consuming over 12,000 pounds of his farm animals**.**
 * John Bodnar; (102)** Whyte in explaining his Irish migration; “The majority of these adventures being successful in their undertakings, they induced their relatives and friend to follow them and thus a strong tide immigrants whose numbers gradually increased each season… “Chain Migration.” **Luz Reyes**

** 1. **** THE EXPECTATIONS OF THE IMMIGRANTS AS THEY EMBARKED FOR THE UNITED STATES WAS TO WORK HARD AND DEVELOP GREAT SKILLS TO GET A JOB INORDER TO SUPPORT THEMSELVES AND THEIR FAMILIES. SOME WANTED TO PAY BACK THEIR FARE OF PASSAGE/ TRANSPORATATION. ALSO, SOME DIDNT HAVE A CHOICE BUT TO LEAVE THEIR HOME LAND BECAUSE OF HARDSHIP AND STARVATION. ACCORDING TO DUDEN, HE BELIEVES IT WAS EASY TO LIVE IN THE UNITED STATES IF YOU CAME PREPARED AND DON’T COME ALONE. “AMERICA MAY BE LOOKED UPON AS A SORT OF PROMISED LAND FOR THE CHILDREN OF OULD IRELAND. AFTER COMING HERE, IF THEY DO NOT GET MILK AND HONEY IN ABUNDANCE, THEY ARE ABLE, AT ALL EVENTS, TO EXCHANGE THEIR NATIONAL “MALE OF POTATOES” FOR PLENTY OF GOOD SUBSTANTIAL FOOD; THEIR MUD CABINS AND CLAY FLOORS WITH FIRES ON HEARTH, FOR CLEAN, COMFORTABLE DWELLINGS WITH WARM STOVES AND BITS OF CARPITS ON THEIR FLURES.” MP105 ** ** THE COST AND BENEFITS OF LEAVING ONE’S HOME COUNTRY AND ENDEAVORING TO MAKE A NEW LIFE IN AMERICA IS ONE LEAVING BEHIND HIS OR HER FAMILY TO MAKE A BETTER LIFE FOR THEM. “THE WIFE IS SEPARATED FROM THE HUSBAND, THE CHILDREN FROM THEIR PARENTS, PERHAPS NEVER TO SEE EACH OTHER AGAIN.” MP 99. “THE POOR EUROPEANS, WHO THINK THEY HAVE PURCHASED THE LAND OF THEIR DESIRES BY THE HARDSHIPS ENDURED DURING THE JOURNEY ACROSS THE SEA, ARE ENSLAVED FOR FIVE, SEVEN OR MORE YEARS FOR A SUM THAT ANY VIGOROUS DAY LABOURER TO EARNS WITHIN SIX, MONTHS. MP 99 ALSO, SOME SOLD THEIR PROPERTY TO MIGRATE TO AMERICA FOR A BETTER LIFE. ** ** THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE GERMAN AND IRISH IS THAT THEY BOTH MIGRATE TO AMERICA TO BETTER THEMSELVES WITH GOOD SKILLS AND JOBS TO SUPPORT THEMSELVES AND FAMILIES. THE DIFFERNCES OF BOTH IS THAT THE IRISH MIGRATES ALONE (SINGLE WOMAN) AND ALSO THEY COME TO AMERICA FOR A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME TO ACCUMULATE A SUFFICIENT AMOUNT OF FUNDS, TO BETTER THEMSELVES IN SKILLS AND MOVE BACK TO THEIR HOME LANDS. THE GERMANS ON THE OTHER HAND MIGRATES WITH HIS FAMILY AND MAKES A BETTER LIFE IN AMERICA FOR GOOD. ** ** 2. **** OSCAR HANDLIN- I CAN RELATE THE IRISHS TO HANDLIN’S STORY BECAUSE HE BELIEVES THAT NO ONE CAN ADAPT TO A PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENT. HE BELIEVES THE 1ST GENERATION WILL NEVER MAKE IT. ** ** JOHN BODNAR- I CAN RELATE THE GERMANS TO BODNAR’S STORY BECAUSE HE BELIEVES THAT IF SOMEONE LEAVES HIS OR HER COUNTRY WITH GOOD EXPECTATIONS TO BETTER THEMSELVES AND IS WILLING TO WORK HARD AND ADAPT TO THE CULTURE AND VALUES, THEY CAN SURVIVE. ** ** BREEN- I CAN RELATE THE GERMANS TO BREEN’S STORY BECAUSE HE BELIEVES IN THE CHARTER GROUP (ANYONE CAN SETUP THEIR OWN RULES IF THEY SETTLES FIRST). ****SIMONE ROBERTS**Embarking for United States, immigrants expect to work hard, bring their families and better themselves. they leave behind their families to America because of bad social and financial situations for better life in America. The cost of the conditions they endure is huge and varies from person to another and from country to another. Some immigrants like slaves are brought to America against their will, some like Irish move to America to escape the famine and starvation. "This progressive and natural system of emigrant, however, gave place within the last few years to a violent rush of famished, reckless human beings, flying from their native land to seek food in distant and unknown country." The only way to survive is to leave their country. to Amerca which promises better life.germans are skilledworkers such as workcrasft and farmers, when they leave for America, they already make their mind to work hard and make money as much as they can. The expectation of the Irish and the Germans were the same they both came to Americia for a better way of living.The Irish was force to migrate because of Oppression by the English and Landoweners, and the Germans mostly came because they can be better off in Americia "How many men there are in Germany who have funds amounting to four to six thousand thaler without any other prospect than touse for living expenses" MP99. They both expeted to work hard to achieve their goals and become rich in Americia; they both made their living by dealing in liquor "the liquor store line, a trade with the Irish and the German may said to divide between them" MP105.The Germans immigrants did better for themselves than the Irish because the Germans came to stay and they traveled as a family, Duden said to be successful you must travel as a family and they were successful althougt they looked down on the Americian Culture since they came from a country of higher learning to a country of lower learning they settled mostly in Cincianaic ohoio in the mid west; they bought their nest eggs with them,(Duden and Franklin ststment; to be successful in the United States one must not travel alone,but travel with ones family.Duden also stated that buying slaves and owning Land you are considered rich in Missouri the Germans were buying Land and Slaves because of the Missouri comprimise which made Moussouri a slave state,and what Franklin did not want to happen did they formed a German-town because they played by his rule "work is good it is vitatious work had and you can become rich. Anna Maria stated the" only ones who do not like it here had it good in Germany, but I think you would like it here since you never had anything good in Germany,and only those who don't want to work don't like it here since if you want to amount to anything and when you come to Americia just imagine you were moving to Stuttgart, that'show many Germans you can see here".MP109.The Irish immigrants life was vastly diffrent than the Germans in the way that they were compell to leave their homes by force migration and oppressionMP113. and they left their country knowing that it was going to be an unhappy experience because they did not leave willingly; they had "American wakes" mourning the loss of leaving their conntryMP113."They sold off their land and turning their capital into cash availed themselves of the opportunies that existed to find comfort and independence by sailing to Americia" for a land flowing with milk and honey for they had nothing to risk ,everything to gain".Once they get to the United States they found out that working in a workhouse for a year to pay their expense of transportation was a nightmare said one passanger"we thought we couldn't be worse off than we war but now to our sorrow we know the difference for sure supposing we were dying of starvayion or if sickness overtuk us,we had a chance of a doctor and if he can do no good for our bodies sure the priest could for our souls and then we'd be bury along wid our own people in our old chuechyard with the green sod over us, instead of dyind like rotten sheep"9 MP104) .Laurien Vaughn. L

Irish immigrants expectations were that America was “a land flowing with milk and honey” and believe they could enjoy prosperity and liberty(pg. 104). It is also seen as a promise land for children of Ireland(pg. 105). A great cost of leaving one’s homeland was family. One would have to leave behind parents, wives, brothers and sisters. Benefits of leaving one’s homeland was that in America they could have social, political, and religious liberty. Similarities between Germans and Irish immigrants are evident in the reading because many were underpaid or jobless. Many were not able to put food on the table. The Document “A German American Family Changes Its Assessment of American Life” on page 109 reflects the theories of Handlin. Handlin says a person emigrates and then sends home a picture and money to their families back in their homelands. This is evident in this sentence, “the money we want to send you, whether you want to use it to have one or two come over here or if you want to spend it on yourselves….I’d like to be with you, you will surely be pleased to get the pictures of us, to see me again, and I would also be so happy to see you again.” Victor Suriel

** 1. ** When coming to America, immigrants were expected to work hard, have good morals and develop good skills to obtain work to support themselves and their families. Many left their homeland due to starvation and hardships. Some immigrants left to avoid revolution and war or escape political persecution. Other immigrants were brought to America against their will as slaves. There are many reasons why immigrants came to America mostly based on better opportunities such as land or to obtain better jobs “ The wife is separated from the husband, the children from the parents, perhaps never to see each other again” ( M99). According to Duden, he stated that it was easier to live in United States if you came well prepared and not alone “America may be looked upon as a sort of promised land for the children of ould Ireland. After coming here, if they do not get milk and honey in abundance they are able, at all events, to exchange their national food, their mud cabins and clay floors wit fires on hearth, for clean comfortable dwellings with warm stoves and bits of carpits on their flures” (MP105). **( PATRICIA TAI) ** **2. ** The similarities between the German and Irish are that they both came to America to make a better life for themselves and their families. The immigrants from Ireland, who immigrated in 1847 to the U.S due to starvation and the poor conditions of their homeland “The progressive and natural system of emigration, however, gave place within the last few years to a violent rush of famished, reckless human beings, flying from their native land (Ireland) to seek food in a distant and unknown country” (M103). The German immigrants were skilled craftsmen and farmers coming to American in the 1840s and 1850s. They settled in states such as Illinois and Missouri. Germans left Europe in the wake of the Revolution of 1848 and many of them brought Catholicism to America. The difference between Irish and German immigrants is that the Irish migrate alone and also only come to America for a short period of time to make some money, better their skills and then go back to their homeland. The Germans are different because they migrate with their families and stay in America for good to have a better life. ( PATRICIA TAI) **3. ** Between Oscar Handlin, John Bodnar and Breen you can see how the documents reflect each of their theories Oscar Handlin – is able to relate to Irish’s because he believed that one can’t adapt to a new area. He believes that the 1st generation will not be able to make it. John Bodnar – is able to relate to the Germans because he believes that if someone is willing to leave their country to better themselves and work hard and adapt to a new culture and traditions then they will be able to survive. Breen- is able to relate to the Germans because he believes that in the charter group meaning anyone can setup their own rules if they settle to that area first. So being that the Germans was to first to settle in certain area they were able to establish themselves better in that location **. ( PATRICIA TAI) **

__** The expectations for the immigrants as they embarked for the United States was work hard and obtain good working skills, this will them lead them to support their families and bring their families with them. They come to America to better their situations and their families’. America offered a better way of life. Some escape hunger like the Irish. The only way for them to survive was leaving their country ,"This progressive and natural system of emigrant, however, gave place within the last few years to a violent rush of famished, reckless human beings, flying from their native land to seek food in distant and unknown country." The cost and benefit to leaving their country varies from person to person. In page 99 “The wife is separated from the husband, the children from their parents, perhaps never to see each other again” this was a hard situation that others did not had to endure, others became like indenture servant and had to work for periods time from 5 to more. **____**The Germans and the Irish expectations where the same both groups migrated to America seeking a better way of living for them and their families. The Irish migrate from Ireland because of the poor conditions and the starvation “The progressive and natural system of emigration, however, gave place within the last few years to a violent rush of famished, reckless human beings, flying from their native land (Ireland) to seek food in a distant and unknown country” (mp103). The Germans came because they felt that they were better off here and that they had skills that would prosper them. They were skilled craftsmen and farmers coming to America in the 1840s and 1850s. The Germans are different to the Irish in that they came to America to stay and have a good life with their families, But the Irish came to America to improve their skills, make money and they go back to their families in Ireland. **____**“Irish-American homesickness, alienation, and nationalism were rooted ultimately in a traditional Catholic worldview which predisposed Irish emigrants to perceive or at least justify themselves not as voluntary, ambitious emigrants but as involuntary, nonresponsible “exiles”, compelled to leave home by forces beyond individual control.” (mp 113) I believe that this excerpt very much sounds like Handlin. Here Handlin could argue that no one can adapt to a different environment and that they would die. This quote show that the first group to be uprooted will die because they are looking back to their homeland rather than forward towards a new way of life. Handlin will agree and say that this is the first generation will never make here in America. **____**“Success depends completely on the way emigration is carried out; and without special preparation or adequate guidance, everyone will be exposed to chance more than he might expect.” (mp98) Here Gottfried Duden assesses the possibility to what could happen to a German in Missouri, I belive that Bodnar will agree that if someone left their country having high expectations and are willing to work hard and adapt to the new place, culture ,values and way of thinking they will be successful. **____**Breen will mostly agree with the German because they came together with their families settled in Missouri and Illinois. They form their own charter group, which says that anyone could set up their own rules if they arrived and settled first. Ellis R. Baez-Aviles **__ What attempt to make a new life in America stem from many reasons, for instance, the Germans came willing and were skilled workers, farmers if you would. They idea of coming to America where there was plenty of land and have the opportunity to create wealth was worth the dreadful voyage. The fact the after you survived the 2nd year (page 98) it was considered safe and therefore you were on your way to the dream of owning land. As Duden mentioned on page 99… you can buy 2 slaves to work the land at a very reasonable amount of money which would set your descendants for many generations to come. They made this there second country (pg 98) which would agree with Bodnar theory of transplantation. They migrated with their families I think mostly because they made up their minds prior to departing that some changes were going to occur. For instance, the Anna Maria Schano piece on page 109 she mentions that only the people that had it good don’t like America… this leads me to believe that they were looking for change and a better life and they were going to risk it all in America. The Irish on the other hand were force to leave due to the potato famine of 1847. The desperation to avoid starvation caused a great need to take action that action was to migrate to America the land of milk and honey. Most were poor, unskilled therefore had no other choice but to live in the city due to the inability to travel. They best reflect the theory of Handlin Uprooted. Since they are on a distance country they keep most of their customs, and prejudices, and they were against individualism as stated in the Miller piece page 113. In my opinion they didn’t assimilate. __**Federico Mulero**__

NEREIDA NUNEZ AMS111 MON-WED 600-830PM The expectations of the immigrants is to be successful being able to be resourceful the costs and benefits of leaving home to make a new life is adjusting to the new climate the lack of domestic stabl=ility feeling homesick. the similarities and differences between german/irish is as follows the german immigrants are welcomed they automatically feel welcomed but at the same time is held down financially without pleassure ofthe future, on the other hand the irish are forced to leave because of british oppression

The embarking for the United States is that the immigrants were expected to a hard worker,lawful,with morals and values, In order for them to be accepted as a good citizen. For the immigrants to leave their homes it was a choice. I believe that people all over the world move to another country because of many different reasons. Some of the immigrants had left their home country in order to avoid unbearable situations with their families and to escape starvations. The cost and benefits of leaving ones home country and endeavoring to make a new life in America is that they had to payoff their traveling expensive and became free and prosperous to support their families. (mp98) Mr. White explains" how they had to sold their land and turn it into cash, leave their comfort and independence to settle in the United States of America ." To me I think that they had a very difficult time doing that, because these immigrants really did not know what to expect in coming to America.(mp103) Most of the Irish immigrants have been successful in their lives. They even take relatives and friends with them and as a result of that they had a strong group of immigrants, whose number gradually increased each season and they went toward the west. These Irish immigrants took some dangerous risk in going from their native land to seek food into a strange country that they are not familiar with. To my reasoning I think that they did a dangerous move by going to a strange place in doing so they could get hurt, misused or even loose their lives all because they have to go and seek food to feed family and friends. According to Mr. Duden "The German immigrants are generally welcome here in America, and as soon as they get to the new continent; they were considered to be equals of the citizens." In the State of Missouri even a foreigner can acquire landed property.The Germans already have plenty funds of about six hundred thalers, which was just for their living expenses.This financial status is very common in Germany. Many of them were forced by what is called property and decorum.They were able to buy two adult slaves one male and one female to work the land. These two slaves cost roughly about twelve hundred prussion thaler. With all this the Germans were able to build up themselves in America.(mp99) The similarities between the Germans and the Irish is that they both are immigrants that had to labor hard. They both have the same desire of migrating to a new country in order to live a better life with family and friends. In doing so they were successful and enjoy life to the fullest. The differences between the Germans and the Irish is that the Germans were financially stable in the State of Missouri. They have thousand of thalers that they were able to buy two slaves one male and one female to work their lands for them.(mp99) The Irish were not financially stable because they had to sold off their lands and turning in their capital into cash. They make themselves available to find comfort and independence by settling in America.They had to risk their lives in going to an unknown country in order to get food to feed their family and friends. "The Irish were obliged to work for a miserable pitance"".Their chiefly relied on the crop of Potatoes grown by each family in a little patch of ground that was attached to their hut."(mp103)They were very poor and most of them were able to survived the the suffering that they went through.Mr Oscar Handlin was able to relate to the Irish peace because he believe that one was not able to adopt to a new area. he believe that the first generation will not make it here in America.they were the first group of people to be uprooted and that they will die because they keep on looking back to their home land instead of looking forward for a new life. Mr. John Bodnar could relate to the German when he think that if someone is willing to leave their home land to better themselves and to work hard,and to adopt to a new culture and custom then they will survive. Mr. Breen was also able to relate to the Germans because he believe that in the "charter group" which mean that anyone can set their own rules and regulations if they were to settle in that area.

The exepctation for the immigrants as they embarked was to improve there life style and obtain property. The majority came to work hard and make money to later return home and start a family in there homeland. For German the cost for one to embark was eight hundred to a thousand thaler, however the cost for the Irish was far more because most of them were very poor and what they spent on traveling was all they had. There are many reasons why immigrantes came to America, According to Duden life in America is good and full of apportunities. Both German as Irish Immigrants Alike emigrated to America to improve there financial status. The German were te more skilled of the groups, according to Duden "Success depends completely on the way emigration is carried out; and without special preparation or adequate guidance, everyone will be exposed to chance more than he might expect. where the Irish had no skills and less capital. They also emigrated to seek freedom from Ireland. Magdiel Ruiz

The expectations of the immigrants who embarked on the journey to the United State where they hope to become successful and be able to assist their family who they might have left behind in their home country.Also i think that some of the immigrant expected to quickly pay off their debt and become free citizens in the United state.Some of the irish immigrants to be precise will expect to be free from the English oppressor who were oppressing the irish. The cost of living ones country is that some of the immigrant might not be able to see their family again. And also the immigrants have to live their traditions, beliefs and ideas behind in their country to be able to live in America.I do think that it will be very dramatic for the immigrant as they have to live on their own and without their family who they might not see again."The wife is seperated from the husband ,the children from their parents, perhaps neber to see them again"(99). Some of the benefit of leaving ones country and endevoring to make a new life is the idea that they will eventually become successfu,be able to assist their family who they left back home.and lastly they will be able to live a satisfying life. The similarities between the German and the Irish immigrant is tthat they are both skilled and and they migrated because they wanted to improve thier financial abilities.While the difference between the German and the Irish is that the Germans always migrate with their family to the United State so they could live in America and might not return back to their country. While the Irish immigrants usually migrate alone to the United State alone and they usually intend to go back to their own country when they make enough money. Oscar Handling documents referred to the irish immigrants in a way that it describes the idea of leaving ones country and how it feels to leave ones country to another country, the idea of the Irish immigrant forgeting their childhood, friends and leaving their country to another place. The citizens of Ireland always felt that when a person migrates he abandoned his family and childhood. Handlins stated "He who turned their back upon the village" this is view of the people of ireland to anyone who migrated to United State. John Brodner was able to relates his documents to the life of the German and the Irish immigrants " some manifested a sojouring orientation and planned to return home fortified in their ability to live off the land" (mp13). This describes the irish immigrant and their plans to work hard and after which they want to return back to their country."Others came to stay and effectivelively exploited their skills and resources to establish careers and business in urban America" (13) This describes the life of the Germans as they move in with their family inorder to establish themselves there and not return back to their country. T. H Breen theories brings the idea of the charter group and this idea is related to the idea of Duden ,according to Duden the German immigrants can establish their own charter group by forming their own little country and therefore make their own rules. FAITH UKPONMWAN

"The Irish immigrants were going to Canada, and then they went south, by the 1850's, 20% of them had settled in New England. They were expected to work and make a good life for them selves and their families. The 1850's, single Irish women were coming to the USA in droves as home servants, maids. About 227,000 working in houses alone known as the "Bridget Wave", they mainly worked as maids, Even if the Irish people decide to stay at home there is still a large amount who have ventured to the new world looking for new opportunities, and work. They are looking for increasing wealth that they would not have back home....The Germans were much different from the Irish. they are a diverse group, peasants, poor, single women; they don't have a clear religious affiliation, they immigrate as families so they are here to stay. They looked down on American culture, they felt they were leaving a land of higher culture, to come to a land of lower culture. They settled mainly in the mid-west, mainly "Cincinatti". They also went to Milwaukee where they produced beer...They considered themselves much better than the Irish, they were "Artisans (Brewing, Butchering). They were Roman Catholics, some were Protestants. The Germans felt they were superior to the Irish..James Burn says of the Irish and German immigrants in New York City (1850)," Though society in New York is made up of almost every nationality on the face of the earth, the Irish and the German elements are by far the most predominant." (MP,

Coming to America had it price on the Irish and German immigrants. They were expected to pay off traveling debts, have good morals,valuable skills,lawful and have a vauable skill that would support ones self.The cost of leaving is losing their friends and family behind along with starvaion. America is the land of dreams, the Irish had a lot hardships compeared to the Germans. The Germans were financialy stabled. - Andrieana Sugrim

"The Irish immigrants were going to Canada, and then they went south, by the 1850's, 20% of them had settled in New England. They were expected to work and make a good life for them selves and their families. The 1850's, single Irish women were coming to the USA in droves as home servants, maids. About 227,000 working in houses alone known as the "Bridget Wave", they mainly worked as maids, Even if the Irish people decide to stay at home there is still a large amount who have ventured to the new world looking for new opportunities, and work. They are looking for increasing wealth that they would not have back home....The Germans were much different from the Irish. they are a diverse group, peasants, poor, single women; they don't have a clear religious affiliation, they immigrate as families so they are here to stay. They looked down on American culture, they felt they were leaving a land of higher culture, to come to a land of lower culture. They settled mainly in the mid-west, mainly "Cincinatti". They also went to Milwaukee where they produced beer...They considered themselves much better than the Irish, they were "Artisans (Brewing, Butering)". They were Roman Catholics, some were Protestants. The Germans felt they were superior to the Irish.....Jacqueline Cooper-Davis"

The Germans came to America to make a better life. The Germans were mainly skilled workers and came with their families. The Irish were considered peasants, and were unskilled and planned on returning back to their country. The Germans are an example of John Bodnar's theory transplantation. The Irish were the example of Handlin's theory uprootedness. By Brenda Diaz Wednesday's class.

The Germans came because they wanted the wealth and so did the Irish. But the Irish also was more forced to move to America because of the poor land they lived in. Both were expected to leave behind their families and values for work and land. It seemed like the easy and right way to become wealthy and make a living. For the Irish it was a way to make a living but wanted to soon go back home and give back to help their family. The Germans wanted to bring their families to them. They did not adapt. It wasn't easy for any of the two to adapt. As Franklin was stating that the problem with them Germans was that they would not adapt. That they would Germanize America. Duden is also gives the example of the Germans clustering together. They Came for the meat in America. It is cheap, land is cheap, and work is good! As Handlin was saying about peasants; they must adapt and leave their thoughts and values behind. Not to look back. These Irish and Germans did the opposite. They looked back. Irish looked back and missed their families and felt guilt for leaving them. The Germans never looked forward they just brought their home and values with them.**- AMANDA MANON** For German and Irish immigrants who come to America is a difficult task to adapt to this new world. Many changes had occurred to this people. First of all they come to a place in search of a dream. They come to a land where milk and honey flows everywhere. America is the place where life is easier and prosperity follows those who come willingly to work. However the hardships to adapt to this new system are usually beyond their thinking. Many of them die in the process, and as Duden said, “success depends completely on the way emigration is carried out”. According to James Burn, the German and the Irish are very different. In one hand, the Irish are more like the “uprooted”. They do not forget their soil and land. They become very loyal to their traditions and their people back home. Most of the Irish work at the humbler occupations. Many of them are in the trade of liquor and others own liquor stores. In the other hand, the German’s enjoy their political freedom in America. They did not have the freedom in their motherland as they have it here. Burn defines them to be “quiet, cautious…” they usually go into branches of skilled labor, and enjoy religious, social and political privileges. Burn agrees that both of these groups were seeking the ambition of abundance in clothing and food. These writings resemble both Handlin and Bodnar in various ways. For example, the Irish kept looking back for their land. They kept their ways of thinking and tried to implement them in America. This to my understanding is an automatic failure in some areas because America was in the process of embracing capitalism to its full potential and they were coming from small villages and countries were their primary goal was not the “abundant life”. However Bodnar would call them “the children of capitalism” because their ambition is what leads them to prosperity along with the country. **Rosana Nin**

Immigrants from Germany and Ireland came to the U.S looking for s better life, some because of starvation, others to escape from wars, others for freedom of religion. But some of the immigrants noted that it wasn't so easy, that were circunstances were they feel suffer. This was the case of Anna Maria Schano a german woman who describe the Americas as a country where skin color was not a problem. She mentioned the languege as a must for those who come to the Americas.at the end she said " I have suffered much turmoil and misfortune since I have been in America", Ann Maria Schamo was one of those immigrants who experinced endeavors in this country. As for the Irish, Miller said that the United States was " American wakes," for the Irish, becuase for the Irish The country was like an exile, an assylum. Irish migrated alone, were unskilled, lower education, but hard workers., As for Germans they were skilled, migrated with their families, better ecomical situation and as Irish hard workers. Irish immigrants were like Oscar Handling uprroted because they could not adapt well, Germans immigrants were like John Bodnar transplanted. Maria Deleon

Mittelberger describes the hardship of coming here by sea and waiting to be purchased and work in indentured servitude. Handlin's views are seen here in the idea of the German leaving behind the village and the community for work in America where no one else is familiar to the immigrant. Handlin is also seen in Kerby Miller's ideas about Irish "American wakes" in which the Irish community has an almost ritual event when a member of the community leaves for America. The community members see it as a death almost, while the Irish immigrant must insist that they will send money, that they will return, while ultimately going to America as an individual with individual interests. Ariel Rivera