Immigration+Eugenics+and+World+War+One


 * //__Direction:__ Please read the following questions carefully and use specific information from the documents to answer them. It would be helpful to you and the group if you would include quotations from the readings. Do NOT worry about giving the RIGHT answer, instead, concentrate on exploring the documents more closely, looking for the nuanced differences between the authors' arguments. For example, two writers might agree on a certain point, but one might use an economic argument while the other might use a political or cultural one to prove her/his point. Also, ask questions about the documents and the comments of other students on these documents. These questions, once discussed as a group, often lead to new insights. Good luck.//**


 * What were the two types of racial thinking prevelent in the nineteenth century? How did the merging of these two ideologies lead to the development of scientific racism and eugenics?
 * How did each of the following individuals and organizations contribute to the development of scientific racism and eugenics?
 * Sir Francis Galton
 * Charles B. Davenport
 * National Committee for Mental Hygiene
 * Immigration Restriction League
 * Count J.A. de Gobineau
 * William Z. Ripley
 * Hugo De Vr
 * William Z. Ripley
 * Madison Grant
 * What qualities does Fletcher Cobb give to Polak Joe, Welch, the foreman, and the cupola driver?
 * How do the characteristics, actions, and opinions of Polak Joe, Welch, the foreman, and the cupola driver reflect elements of the scientific racist thinking of the Turn-of-the-Century?

The first type of racial thinking prevalent in the nineteenth century was the politico-literacy concept. This Anglo-Saxonist concept referred back to history and literature to identify national race. The second type of racial thinking was that of the naturalists. Naturalists identified national race based on the "primary" grouping of //Homo Sapiens// and incorporated physiological identifiers such as stature and skin color to differentiate the races. According to John Higham, "In the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the separation between the two streams of race-thinking gradually and partially broke down. Racial science increasingly intermingled with racial nationalism. Under the pressure of a growing national consciousness, a number of Europeans naturalists began to subdivide the European white man into biological types, often using linguistic similarity as evidence of hereditary connection. For their part, the nationalists slowly absorbed biological assumptions about the nature of race, until every national trait seemed wholly dependent on hereditary transmission. This interchange forms the intellectual background for the conversion of the vague Anglo-Saxon tradition into a sharp-cutting nativist weapon and, ultimately, into a completely racist philosophy", the emmergence of the Eugenics Movement and the development of scientific racism. The following individuals and organizations contributed to the development of scientific racism and eugenics in many different ways: Fletcher Cobb gave Polak Joe the following qualities: he was as strong as an ox, simean like, not intelligent and expendable. Welch was strong, conniving and villainous. The foreman and the cupola driver were both sympathetic toward Polak Joe. The difference being the foreman was pessimistic and the cupola driver was more optimistic toward Polak Joe's future. The foreman felt that no matter how hard Polak Joe tried, you could never rectify Joe's faults as he was made wrong in the first place. The actions and opinions of the four co-workers reflected different elements of the scientific racist thinking at the turn of the century. For instance, Polak Joe was a stereotypical immigrant who was characterized as inferior by the theory of scientific racism. Welch was considered the idealogical definition of an American. The foreman was considered one of the superior races due to his intelligence and the ability to be in charge. All four of Polak Joe's co-workers are examples of the scientific racism and eugenics theory regarding the superior and inferior races by their positions of authority. Susan Gullo
 * Sir Frances Galton**, launched the eugenics movement. He was England's leading Darwinian scientist. He collected data on the inheritance of all sorts of human abilities and deficiencies. It was in the early twentieth century that he started active propaganda regarding the breeding from the best and restricting the off-spring of the worst. He stated that the betterment of society depends largely on improvement of the "inborn qualities" of "the human breed" He provided biologists and physicians new genetic theories, with a way of converting their scientific interests into a program of social salvation.
 * Charles B. Davenport**, a leader in the eugenics movement. He was a zoologist, who established the first research center in genetics at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island. He gave his life to studying the inheritance of human traits. He was also one of the leaders of the American Breeders' Association.
 * The National Committee for Mental Hygiene**, comprised of psychiatrists were disturbed at the number of hereditary mental defectives supposedly pouring into the country. This disturbance brought about the immigration bill of 1914 an odd provision excluding cases of "constitutional psychopathic inferiority." The sterilization of the mental ill was legal.
 * The Immigration Restriction League**, comprised of prominent scholars and philanthropists, used their political power to influence the legal opinion in Congress to gain support for specific restrictions to limit the immigration of inferior races (Southern and Eastern Europeans) and increase the immigration rate for superior races (Northern and Western Europeans).
 * Count J.A, de Gobineau**, was the first of the through and through racists. He advocated for slavery prior to the American Civil War. He was subsequently forgotten.
 * William Z. Riple**y, was a brilliant young economist and teacher. He developed a course on the role of geography in human affairs. He felt that physiological traits seemed to reflect geographical and social conditions.
 * Hugo De Vries**, demonstrated how hybridization sometimes caused a reassertion of latent characters inherited from a remote ancestor (emergence of recessive genes).
 * Madison Grant**, the man who put the pieces together. He was well supplied with scientific information to establish his own ideas of scientific racism. He believed that the general mixture of European races in America was irretrievably destroying racial purity, the foundation of every national and cultural value. Madison Grant was racist who believed in the superior race.

What were the two types of racial thinking prevalent in the nineteenth century?The two types of racial thinking in the nineteenth century were (1) came from political and literary sources and assumed under the impact of the romantic movement.Manifested in England and America was the Anglo-Saxon tradition. This race concept lacked a clearly defined physiological basis.It suggested the vitality of one's own culture, rather than one's own race. (2) The second kind of race thinking was developing from the inquiring of the naturalists. These men were scientists who studied human types in order to keep a record and explain them; mainly the "Homo-Sapiens", and used characteristics such as skin color, statue, head shape, and so on to distinguish them one from another. This associated physical with cultural differences and displayed in doing so, a feeling of white superiority over the colored races....Sir Francis Galton, launched the "Eugenics Movement", he was England's leading Darwinian scientist; he had long been producing statistical studies on the inheritance of all sorts of human abilities and deficiencies. In the early 20th century he started an active propaganda for uplifting humanity by breeding from the best and restricting the off-spring of the worse. The Galton Eugenics was both a science and a kind of secular religion.....Charles Davenport:- a Zoologist of tremendous ambition and drive, established the country's 1st Research Center in genetics at Cold Springs Harbor, Long Island. In 1910 he persuaded Mrs. E.H. Harriman to finance a Eugenics Record Office, adjacent to his lab with the aim of compiling an index of the American population and advising individuals and local societies on eugenical problems....Under the eugenic thinking, the mental hygiene movement picked up the cry, the more of the mental defectives pouring into the country, the psychiatrists who organized the National Commitee for Mental Hygiene succeeded in adding to the immigration bill of 1914 an odd provision excluding cases of constitutional psychopathic inferiority. Many critics of immigration were pleading with scientific periodicals for rational policy based on a noble culture of racial purity....William Ripley,,an Economist had a conviction of basic importance of the environmental conditions in the molding the life of man, but he quickly came up againist the problem of race. He chose the problem of race...The locale of Europe as a crucial test of the inter-play of race and the environment. 1899, he anatomized the population of the continent, but persistently to ways in which physiological traits seemed to reflect geographical and social conditions..1908 he suggested an answer to the problem of how the crossing of inferior and superior races can drag down the former....Hugo De Vires:- demonstrated how hybridization can sometimes cause re-assertion of latent characters inherited from a remote ancestor....Madison Grant,,,was the one who put all the pieces together, an expert genealogist and charter member of the Society of Colonial wars. He had an extensive acquaintance with the natural sciences and a naturalistic temper of mind. He associated intimately with leading biologists and eugenicists...1910 his racial concepts were clearly formed and thoroughly articulated with a passionate hatred of the new immigration. He showed little concern between relations of Whites and Negroes or Orientals. His deadliest were the Jews, whom he saw all around him in New York. He was very, very upset with the mixture of the European races under way in America, for this process was irretrievably destroying racial purity, the foundation of every national and cultural value....Count J.A. de Gobineau:- was a proslavery thinker, who on the eve of the Civil War and the was forgotten; no one wanted to listen to him until the beginning of the 20th century, the anthropological theriories which accumulated in Europe for over 30 years finally reached an American audience. **Jacqueline Cooper-Davis** what were the two types of racial thinking prevalent in the nineteenth century? Political and literary sources. It suggested the inner rituality of ones own culture, rather than the menace of another race. It consulted history and literature to identify natural races. Naturalists concentrated on the great primary grouping of Homo-sapiens and used physiological characteristics such as skin color, stature, head shape, and so on to distinguish them one from the other. How did the merging of these two ideologies lead to the development of scientific racism and eugenics? That both were being identified differently and apart from each other. While one was focusing on the physical appearance, the other was focusing on the history of ones culture. How did each of the following individuals and organizations contribute to the development of scientific racism and eugenics? Sir Francis Galton: launched the eugenics movement. He started active propaganda for uplifting humanity by breeding from the best and restricting the offspring of the worst. He preached the message with evangelical fervor that, “He certified that the betterment of society depends largely on improvements of the inborn qualities of the human breeds.” He provided biologists and physicians, with a way of converting their scientific interest into a program of social salvation. Charles B. Davenport; He was the leading eugenicist in America. He established the country’s first research center in genetics, at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island. His early experiment at Cold Spring Harbor were devoted to testing the Mendelian principles in animal breeding. In 1910, he persuaded Mrs. E. H. Harriman to finance a Eugenics Record Office adjacent to his laboratory with the aim of compiling an index of the American population and advising individuals and local societies on eugenical problems. He gave the rest of his life to studying the inheritance of human traits and spreading the gospel of eugenics. He was also one of the leaders of the American Breeders’ Association, where the eugenics agitation first centered. In 1907 the association enlarged its field to embrace eugenics. National Committee for Mental Hygiene: Disturbed at the number of hereditary mental defectives supposedly pouring into the country, the psychiatrist who organized this organization succeeded in adding to the immigration bill of 1914 an odd provision excluding cases of “constitutional psychopathic inferiority.” Immigration Restriction League: run by, Prescott F. Hall, he had a hypochondriac’s fascination with medicine and biology, and his associate, Robert DeCourey Ward, was a professional scientist. The association organized a permanent committee on immigration. The league leaders pointed to the new genetic principles in emphasizing the opportunity that immigration regulation offered to control Americans future racial development. They learned of the eugenics sentiment developing in the American Breeders Association. Count J.A. de Gobineau: Reached a limited audience of proslavery thinker in America on the eve of the Civil War and then was forgotten. Once in a while he had immigrant writer tried to translate some of this literature into terms that might appeal to an American public, but the stuff was simply not read. Not until the beginning of the twentieth century did the invidious anthropological theories which have been accumulating in Europe for over thirty years reached a significant American audience. William Z. Ripley: He developed a unique course of lectures at Columbia University on the role of geography in human affairs. This course reflected Ripley’s conviction of the basic importance of environmental conditions in molding the life of a man; but he quickly came up against the problem of race. The question led him to the controversies among continental scholars on the anthropological traits of Europe peoples, he chose the local of Europe as a crucial test of the interplay of race and environment. He anatomized the populations of the continent in a big scholar volume that appeared in 1899, //“In The Races of Europe”// pointing temperately, but persistently to ways in which physiological trait seemed to reflect geographical and social conditions. For the first time American readers learned that Europe was not a land of “Aryans” or Goths subdivided into vaguely national races such as the Anglo-Saxon, but rather the seat of three races discernible by physical measurements. Now, Ripley’s data had to be untangled, which he did some on his own. He also delivered in 1908 a widely publicized address in which he suggested and answer to the old problem of how the crossing of superior and inferior races can drag down the former. Hugo De Vries: and others were demonstrating how hybridization sometimes caused a reassertion of latent characters inherited from the remote ancestor. In contrast to the theory of race suicide, this doctrine, torn from the context of genetics and applied to the typology of Europe races, provided a thoroughly biological explanation of the foreign peril. Madison Grant: The man who connected the pieces which Ripley and Vries were working on together. He resisted any intrusion of the hoi polloi. He was battling to keep the public from bringing cameras into the zoo over which he had long presided. He had an extensive acquaintance with the natural sciences and a thoroughly naturalistic temper of mind. He was the founder and later the chairman of the New York Zoological Society, where he associated intimately with leading biologist and eugenicists. He published a series of monographs on North American animals. His racial concepts were clearly formed and thoroughly articulated with a passionate hatred of the new immigration. What upset him the most was the general mixture of European races underway to America; for this process was irretrievably destroying racial purity. “//The Passing of the Great Race,”// was his philippic that appeared in 1916 in which he summarizes the aristocratic pessimism that had troubled nativist intellectuals since 1890’s. The book turned ultimately into a defense of both class and racial pride by shutting them down. The democracy he maintained violates the scientific facts of heredity. He attributed feudalism to the Nordics, and assaulted Christianity for it humanitarian bias. What qualities does Fletcher Cobb give to Polak Joe, Welch, the foreman, and the cupola driver? Polak Joe was described by Fletcher Cobb as the racial thinking of naturalists which concentrated on the great primary grouping of Homo-sapiens and the use of physiological characteristics such as skin color, stature, head shape, arms, legs and so on to distinguish him. He was also described as having a superior straight that he could have easily beaten Welch if he knew how to through a fist, “fight.” A nervous man. Deep inside was built with anger caused by the abuse of Welch. Welch A strong and short temper Irishman who raised a revengeful jealousy against Joe and never failed to take advantage of any opportunity to torment or abuse him. The young **foreman** doubly ask Polak Joe will ever succeed from the position in which he stands now to that of where the young foreman stands or occupies at the moment. He offered to add a couple of fans in the cupola to help with ventilation, and asked him that in the meantime for him to be careful with the inhalation of gas fume. cupola driver said I tell you, that every man has the same chance to succeed, it makes no difference what kind of a start he has, he can get up if he wants to. Apparently, the cupola driver was also tired of Welch’s abusive and verbal behavior that at one point he positioned a long pipe under his sleeve while attending to Welch at the bar, he was preparing himself for the worst if it was to happen. How do the characteristics, actions, and opinions of Polak Joe, Welch, the foreman, and the cupola driver reflect elements of the scientific racist thinking of the Turn-of-the-Century? while some concentrated on physiological characteristics such as skin color, stature, head shape, and body figures to identify race, others focused on the abilities of expanding and succeeding in a near future. Welch in the other hand concentrated on the great primary grouping of Homo-sapiens by dividing the work of the cupola where the mass of clouds from the fumes of gas was exposed to Polak Joe’s duty of work while he kept himself in a better ventilated area. The verbal, physical and mental abuse Polak Joe tolerated from Welch an Irishman and his former boss. **Luz Reyes** The race National or Nativism and the racial science or racial anthropology were the two type of racial thinking in the nineteenth century. Racial anthropology is the use of scientific findings and methods to investigate differencs among the human races and Nativism typically means opposition to immigration or efforts to lower the political or legal status of specific ethnic or cultural group. Due to a growing national consciousness and a feeling of white superiority over other races, the two ideologies fused to give birth to the scientific racism and eugenics as stated "Quite commonly this school associated physical with cultural differences and displayed, in doing so, a feeling of white superiority over the colored races."(MP 292). Sir Francis Galton created the eugenic movement which was for him both a science and a religion. Charles B. Davenport was already of the American Breeder's Association, he then used the bilogical studies to spread the gospel of eugenics. National Committee for Mental Hygiene proposed an odd provision to the immigration bill of 1914 that rejected immigrants with mental illness to U.S. The Immigration Restriction League bttled for the conservation of American race for the purpose of racial nationalism. Count J.A. de Gobineau, a scientific racist, he proposed three human races and echoed the the miscegenation led to the collapse of civilization. William Z. Ripley, in 1899, he wrote a book titled ' The Race of Europe" which had a large influence on American white supremacism. Hugo De Vries demonstrated how the hybridization or mix of race can cause mane deficiencies. Madison Grant, an eugenic, he presented the Nordic race(American population was purely Nordic) as white racial engine of world civilization and he was against the mixing of races. Fletcher Cobb described Polak Joe, Welch, the foreman and the culpola driver as a racial thinker. He used their willness to work no matter in condition to portrayed them as animals and unhumans. The characterictics he gave them by comparing to animals, savage and brutal and underestimated their contribution to the development of steel industry was a common practice of scientific racism and eugenics towards the immigrants in U.S. **Abdou Alassani**

** What were the two types of racial thinking prevalent in the nineteenth century? ** The two types of racial thinking that was prevalent in the nineteenth century was, political and literary sources which is considered the inner rituals of one owns culture and the second kind of racial thinking is the development of inquires from the naturalists. The n aturalists were concerned about the origin of “Homo Sapiens” in which they used physical qualities such as skin color, stature, and head shape to differentiate one from another. When these two racial thinking was formatted, the idea of white superiority over colored raced was developed and the exchange of cultural differences and physical appearance created a racist viewpoint. **How did the merging of these two ideologies lead to the development of scientific racism and eugenics?** They both were identified differently, one focused on the physical appearance, and the other focused on the history of one’s culture. ** The ** **following individuals and organizations contributed to the development of scientific racism and eugenics in many different ways:** ** Sir Frances Galton ** : launched the eugenics movement. He was England's leading Darwinian scientist who collected data on the inheritance of all sorts of human abilities and deficiencies. He started active propaganda regarding the breeding from the best and restricting the off-spring of the worst. He stated that the betterment of society depends largely on improvement of the "inborn qualities" of "the human breed" He provided biologists and physicians new genetic theories, with a way of converting their scientific interests into a program of social salvation ** Charles B. Davenport ** : a leader in the eugenics movement. He was also one of the leaders of the American Breeders' Association. He was a zoologist, who established the first research center in genetics at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island. He gave his life to studying the inheritance of human traits. ** The National Committee for Mental Hygiene ** : comprised of psychiatrists was disturbed at the number of hereditary mental defectives supposedly pouring into the country. This disturbance brought about the immigration bill of 1914 an odd provision excluding cases of "constitutional psychopathic inferiority." The sterilization of the mental ill was legal. ** The Immigration Restriction League **: run by, Prescott F. Hall, he had a hypochondriac’s fascination with medicine and biology, and his associate, Robert DeCourey Ward, was a professional scientist. The league leaders pointed to the new genetic principles in emphasizing the opportunity that immigration regulation offered to control Americans future racial development. They learned of the eugenics sentiment developing in the American Breeders Association ** Count J.A, de Gobineau **: He advocated for slavery prior to the American Civil War. He ** reached a limited audience of proslavery thinkers in America on the eve of the Civil War and then was forgotten. Once in a while an Immigrant writer tried to translate some of this literature into terms that might appeal to an American public, but the stuff simply was not read. Not until the beginning of the twentieth century, the anthropological theories which accumulated in Europe for thirty years finally reach an American audience, William Z. ** William Z. Riple **y** : a young teacher and economist whom developed a course on the role of geography in human affairs. He felt that physiological traits seemed to reflect geographical and social conditions. ** Hugo De Vries **: demonstrated how hybridization sometimes caused a reassertion of latent characters inherited from a remote ancestor. ** Madison Grant **: the man who put the pieces together. ** He was an expert genealogist and a member of the Social of Colonial Wars. He ** was responsible for putting together all the ideas and studies that others had put forth to develop his racial beliefs such as racial purity, hatred of new immigration and Jews. ** What qualities does Fletcher Cobb give to Polak Joe, Welch, the foreman, and the cupola driver? ** Polak Joe is given animal like qualities through his physical descriptions and actions. Cobb uses words such as instinct, snarled, savage, repulsive, ape-like arms and monkey-like little brown eyes. Welch is described as a hot-headed Irishman, having a menacing look and liking to get into fights. Welch looks down on Joe and sees him as a brute. The foreman, although more sympathetic towards Joes, like Welch, he believes that Joe was just born a messed up way. ** How do the characteristics, actions, and opinions of Polak Joe, Welch, the foreman, and the cupola driver reflect elements of the scientific racist thinking of the Turn-of-the-Century? ** ** The characteristics given to Polak Joe reflects elements of the scientific racist thinking ** because they use physiological traits to depict Joe as an inferior kind by stating that he is Polish. He is being identified by his nationality. //**Simone Roberts**//


 * What were the two types of racial thinking prevalent in the nineteenth century.? The two types of racial thinking that was prevalent in the nineteenth century was one came from political and literary sources and assumed under the impact of the romantic movement.The manifestation in England and America was the Anglo-Saxon tradition. This politico-literary concept of race lacked a clearly defined physiological basis. It suggested the inner vitality of one's own culture, rather than the menace of another race.The second kind of race thinking was develop from the inquiries of naturalists. These men were known to be scientists who studied the functions and anatomy of human types in order to maintain copies and to elaborate on them in more details. The naturalist were concentrating on the great "primary "groups of Homo Sapiens and used physiological characteristics such as skin color, stature, head shape,and so on to distinguish them one from the other;While Anglo-Saxon consulted history and literature to identify natural races.**
 * How did the merging of these two ideologies lead to the development of scientific racism and eugenics.?They both were identified differently from each other, because one was focusing on the physical appearance and the other one was focusing on the history of one's culture.**
 * How did each of the following individuals and organizations contributed to the development of scientific racism and eugenics.?**
 * Sir Francis Galton: He launched the eugenics movement. He started active propaganda for uplifting humanity by breeding from the best and restricting the offspring of the worst.He preached the message with evangelical fervor that, he certified the betterment of society depends largely on improvements of the "inborn qualities"of "the human breeds."He also provided the biologists and physicians with a way of converting their scientific interest into a program of social salvation.(mp294)**
 * Charles B. Davenport: He was the leading eugenics in America.He established the country's first research center in genetics,at Cold Spring Harbor,Long Island. His early experiment at Cold Spring Harbor were devoted to testing the Mendelian principles in animal breeding. In 1910, he persuaded Mrs. E.H. Harriman to finance a Eugenics Record Office adjacent to his laboratory with the aim of compiling an index of the American population and advising individuals and local societies on eugenical problems. He gave the rest of his life studying the inheritance of human traits and spreading the gospel of eugenics. He also was one of the leaders of the American Breeder's Associations,where the eugenics agitation first centered. In 1907 the association enlarged its field to embrace eugenics.**
 * National Committee for Mental Hygiene: Disturbed at the number of hereditary mental defectives supposedly pouring in to the country, the psychiatrist who organized this organization succeeded in adding to the immigration bill of 1914 an odd provision excluding cases of "constitutional psychopathic inferiority." The Immigration Restriction League:This was conducted by, Prescott F. Hall who had a hypochondriac's fascination with medicine and biology, and his associate, Robert DeCourcy Ward, was a professional scientist. This was how the association organizes a permanent committee on Immigration. In 1906 the league leaders pointed to the genetic principles in emphasizing the opportunity that immigration regulation offered to control America future racial development. Approximately two years later, they learned of the eugenics sentiment developing in the America Breeders' Association. Count J. A. de Gobineau reached a limited audience of proslavery thinkers in America on the eve of the Civil War and then was forgotten.Once in a while an Immigrant writer tried to translate some of this literature into terms that might appeal to an American public, but the stuff simply was not read.Not until the beginning of the twentieth century, the anthropological theories which accumulated in Europe for thirty years finally reach an American audience. William Z. Ripley: He was a Economist that had a conviction of basic importance of the environmental conditions in the molding of the life of man, but he quickly came up against the problem of race. In 1899, he anatomizes the population of the entire continent. He was persistent in his ways in which the physiological traits seemed to reflect the geographical and social conditions. He also developed a course of lectures at Columbia University on the role of geography in human affairs.**
 * Hugo De Vires: Demonstrated how hybridization could sometimes causes reassertion of latent characters inherited from a remote ancestor. Madison Grant: was the one that put all the pieces together.He was an expert genealogist and a member of the Social of Colonial Wars.He had an extensive acquaintance with the natural sciences and a naturalistic temper of mind.He associated intimately with the leading biologists and eugenics. In 1910 his racial concepts were clearly form and thoroughly articulated with a passionate hatred of the new immigration. He also shewed little concern between relations of whites and negroes or the orientals. Barrington Humphrey**

**The two types of racial thinking** prevalent in the nineteenth century, according to John Higham, were a nationalistic type of racial thinking and a scientific type derived from the inquiries of naturalists. It was important for the eugenics movement to merge these two ideologies because on their own, these two types of racial thinking were not strong enough to push forward the movement. However, once these two types merged, scientific racism and the eugenics movement had a political and a scientific backing to support its ideology. **Sir Frances Galton** was a Darwinian scientist from England who launched the eugenics movement. He contributed to the development of scientific racism and eugenics by promoting the idea of bettering humanity by breeding from the best and restricting the offspring of the worst. **Charles B. Davenport** was a zoologist, and a one of the leaders of the American Breeders’ Association who was the American leading eugenicist. He contributed to the development of scientific racism and eugenics by studying and applying the principles in animal breeding to human heredity and spreading the beliefs of the eugenics movement. **The National Committee for Mental Hygiene** contributed to the eugenics movement by adding to the immigration bill of 1914 the provision excluding cases of “constitutional psychopathic inferiority”. **The Immigration Restriction League** were influential in relating eugenics to racial nativism. They based themselves on the new genetic principles to base the idea that immigration regulation was the venue in which to control America’s future racial development. **Count J.A. de Gobineau** contributed to the development of scientific racism and eugenics since the Civil War by spreading a philosophy of race. **William Z. Ripley** was an economist who contributed to the scientific racism and eugenics by classifying Europeans into three main groups and more importantly, that crossing of superior races with inferior races could drag down the superior race. **Hugo De Vries** was a Mendelian geneticists who worked on plant and animal hybrids. His studies demonstrated that hybridization sometimes caused the bad characteristics to be produced in the offsprings. His studies further contributed to the scientific racism and eugenics movement. **Madison Grant** was responsible for putting together all the ideas and studies that others had put forth to develop his racial beliefs such as racial purity, hatred of new immigration and Jews. **In the Cobb piece**, Polak Joe is given animal like qualities through his physical descriptions and actions. Cobb uses words such as instinct, snarled, savage, repulsive, ape-like arms and monkey-like little brown eyes. Welch is described as a hot-headed Irishman, having a menacing look and liking to get into fights. Welch looks down on Joe and sees him as a brute. The foreman, although more sympathetic towards Joes, like Welch, he believes that Joe is just wrong from birth. **The characteristics given to Polak Joe reflects elements of the scientific racist thinking** of the turn of the century because they use physiological traits to depict Joe as an inferior kind and by stating that he is Polish, the author is emphasizing Joes inferiority by his nationality. **Maritza Chavez**

The two types of racial thinking were (1) political and literary sources which dealt with the uniqueness of one’s own culture rather than the catastrophe of another race. Although, it lacked a clearly defined physiological bases back in the days some people thought that America was creating a mixed race and so some people believed this idea. (2) The second racial thinking was developed from the inquires of naturalist known as the Naturalist. The naturalists were concerned about the origin of Homo sapiens and they used physical qualities such as skin color, head shape, and tried to differentiate one from another. When these two racial thinking were merged together the idea of white superiority over colored race was formed and these interchange of cultural differences with the idea of physical appearance created a racist philosophy. Sir Francis Galton developed a statically studies on the inheritance of all sorts of human abilities and their deficiency. To Galton, eugenics was all about religion and science. Galton’s idea was the best way to upgrade humanity is by breeding the best and restricting the children of the worst. He was responsible for launching the Eugenics movement. Charles B. Davenport in 1914 was the leading eugenics in America Abut before then his work as a zoologist was study based on animal breeding. But by 1907 he started using these application in the study of human hereditary. He established the country’s first research center in Eugenics. The national committee for mental Hygiene passed a bill in 1914 on the cases of, “constitutional psychopathic inferiority” (295). Because they were disturbed that people coming to the United State were mentally ill. The immigration restriction League leaders Robert DeCourcy Ward and Prescott.F Hall were able to seize every opportunity to make public the idea that science decrees the restriction of immigrants in the United States in order to preserve the America race. Court J.A. de Gobineal was the first of the thoroughgoing racist but at the time he came up with his idea he got a few audience but immediately after the civil war he was forgotten until later in the twentieth century did his theory gave way to the American audience. William Z. Ripley was a young economist who at the age of thirty was teaching economics at the Massachusetts institute of Technology. He published a book titled, “The races of Europe” that appeared in 1899, and where he pointed out those psychological traits seems to reflect geographical and social conditions of the Europeans. He further described Europe as three national races which were the Teutonic, Alpine and the Mediterranean. Nativist used this idea in determining old and new immigrants. Hugo De Vries worked on how hybridization can caused reassertion of latent characters inherited from their remote ancestors. Madison Grant who had a close relationship with natural sciences was the founder and later the chairman of the New York Zoological society where he gained access and build a relationship with to the leading biologists and eugenics. By 1910 Grant racial ideas were clearly formed but it was grouped with a passionate hatred for new immigrants. Although, he had no problem with the relations of white and the Negroes his worst nightmare were the Jews and the general mixture of the European races with the Jews. According to him if any of the three European race gets mixed up with Jews the cross between them will be a Jew. He was upset because he felt like the purity of race was diminishing. The qualities that were given to polak Joe were, he was extremely strong, and he could undergo different hard circumstances. He was also referred to as a great worker who does is job even before asked to. Welch was an Irish man who was also strong who was referred to as hot-headed. He also had a very quickly aroused temper. He was also very jealous of polak Joe. Cupola believed that if anybody works hard then they can get to the top. The foreman believes that Joe is a good worker who does anything he is asked to do but his problem I was from birth. The characteristics used in describing of Polak Joe, foreman, Cupola and Welch reflected the racial thinking of the naturalist who used psychological characters like the shape of the head, skull etc. to differentiate between races. FAITH UKPONMWAN

Political and literary source. It suggested the inner rituality of ones own culture, rather than the menace of another race. It consulted history and literature to identify natural races.(mp292) Naturalists concentrated on the great primary grouping of Homo-sapiens and used physiological characteristics such as skin over, stature, head shape, and so on to distinguish them one from the other.(mp292) One was focusing on physical appearance and the other on the history of ones culture. Sir Francis Galton started the eugenics in 1883, pushed it as a philosophy to improve humanity by encouraging the ablest and healthiest people to have more children. This was considered positive eugenics. Charles B. Davenport was an American biologist who was the director of three institutions based at Cold Spring Harbor. The other eugenic record office, the biological laboratory, and the Carnegie Institution of Washington Station for experimental evolution. National committee for mental hygiene was a committee organized by a group of psychiatrists who succeeded in adding to the immigration bill of 1914. Immigration Restriction League was an organization organized by the Bostonians to promote propaganda emphasizing the opportunity that immigration regulation offered to control Americas future racial development. Count J.A. De Gobineau was a racists. He reached a limited audience of proslavery thinkers in America on the eve of the civil war and then was forgotten.(mp 296) William Z. Ripley was a young economist. He was teaching courses regrding the role of geography in human affairs. He believed in the basic importance of environmental conditions in molding the life of man.

(mp 296) Hugo De Vries was demonstrating how hybridization sometimes caused a reassertion of latent characters inherited from a remote ancestor. (mp 297) Madison Grant was a nativist. He had a passionate hatred for the new immigration, especially for the Jews. He wrote a speech "The passing of the Great Race"(mp 298) The way Polak Joe was described was like an animal. He was heavybodied, he had a pecularly shaped head and made noises like an animal. Welch was described as a big strong man but not animal like. The way Polak Joe was described reflected the racists beliefs of the turn of the nineteenth century. This was a reflection of the eugenics movement promoting that people who looked different should not continue procreating. Brenda Diaz wed class

Two types of racial thinking that was prevalent in the nineteenth century was one came from political and literary sources and assumed under the impact of the romantic movement .The manifestation in England and America was the Anglo-Saxon tradition. This politico-literary concept of race lacked a clearly defined physiological basis. It suggested the inner vitality of one's own culture, rather than the menace of another race .The second kind of race thinking was develop from the inquiries of naturalists. These men were known to be scientists who studied the functions and anatomy of human types in order to maintain copies and to elaborate on them in more details. The naturalist were concentrating on the great "primary "groups of Homo Sapiens and used physiological characteristics such as skin color, stature, head shape, and so on to distinguish them one from the others While Anglo-Saxon consulted history and literature to identify natural races. They both were identified differently from each other, because one was focusing on the physical appearance and the other one was focusing on the history of one's culture. Sir Francis Galton: He launched the eugenics movement. He started active propaganda for uplifting humanity by breeding from the best and restricting the offspring of the worst. He preached the message with evangelical fervor that, he certified the betterment of society depends largely on improvements of the "inborn qualities" of "the human breeds." He also provided the biologists and physicians with a way of converting their scientific interest into a program of social salvation.(mp294) Charles B. Davenport: He was the leading eugenics in America. He established the country's first research center in genetics, at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island. His early experiment at Cold Spring Harbor were devoted to testing the Mendelian principles in animal breeding. In 1910, he persuaded Mrs. E.H. Harriman to finance a Eugenics Record Office adjacent to his laboratory with the aim of compiling an index of the American population and advising individuals and local societies on eugenically problems. He gave the rest of his life studying the inheritance of human traits and spreading the gospel of eugenics. He also was one of the leaders of the American Breeder's Associations, where the eugenics agitation first centered. In 1907 the association enlarged its field to embrace eugenics. National Committee for Mental Hygiene: Disturbed at the number of hereditary mental defectives supposedly pouring in to the country, the psychiatrist who organized this organization succeeded in adding to the immigration bill of 1914 an odd provision excluding cases of "constitutional psychopathic inferiority." The Immigration Restriction League This was conducted by, Prescott F. Hall who had a hypochondriac's fascination with medicine and biology, and his associate, Robert DeCourcy Ward, was a professional scientist. This was how the association organizes a permanent committee on Immigration. In 1906 the league leaders pointed to the genetic principles in emphasizing the opportunity that immigration regulation offered to control America future racial development. Approximately two years later, they learned of the eugenics sentiment developing in the America Breeders' Association. Count J. A. de Gobineau reached a limited audience of proslavery thinkers in America on the eve of the Civil War and then was forgotten. Once in a while an Immigrant writer tried to translate some of this literature into terms that might appeal to an American public, but the stuff simply was not read. Not until the beginning of the twentieth century, the anthropological theories which accumulated in Europe for thirty years finally reach an American audience. William Z. Ripley: He was a Economist that had a conviction of basic importance of the environmental conditions in the molding of the life of man, but he quickly came up against the problem of race. In 1899, he anatomizes the population of the entire continent. He was persistent in his ways in which the physiological traits seemed to reflect the geographical and social conditions. He developed a course of lectures at Columbia University on the role of geography in human affairs. Hugo De Vires: Demonstrated how hybridization could sometimes causes reassertion of latent characters inherited from a remote ancestor. Madison Grant: was the one that put all the pieces together. He was an expert genealogist and a member of the Social of Colonial Wars. He had an extensive acquaintance with the natural sciences and a naturalistic temper of mind. He associated intimately with the leading biologists and eugenics. In 1910 his racial concepts were clearly form and thoroughly articulated with a passionate hatred of the new immigration. He also showed little concern between relations of whites and negroes or the Orientals.**PATRICIA TAI** The two types of racial thinking in the nineteenth century were nationalistic and scientific. Nationilistis presented their ideas in the context of the Anglo-Saxon race, and the belief in preserving their cultural values. Scientists were concerned with the development of humans and and their characteristic features. They proposed theories on race inferiority and superiority. Tbe merging of these two idealogies lead to development of scientific racism and the emergence of Eugenics. Anglo-Saxon wanted to keep their race pure without outside breeding, and scientists and nationalists provided information and principles for this two sentiment. The two theories culminated in fertile ground for a philosophy of racism. Sir Francis Galton- began the Eugenics movement in England. he was a Darwinian scientist who began an active propaganda campaign to uplift humanity by breeding from the best. He also believed the offspring of the worst should be restricted. He encouraged biologists and physcians to start a program of social salvation. Charles B Davenport- The American version of Galton. Davenport was a leading Eugenicist and also a zoologist. He established the country's first reasearched center in genetics in Cold Springs Harbor Long Island.. He applied mendelian principles used in animal breeding to human heriditary studies. He also started a Eugenics Records office to supposedly keep society infor of eugenical problems. Immigration Restriction league was led by Prston H. Hall and robert Decourcy Ward of Boston. They believe science demanded restriction in immigration for the conservation of the American race. The became very involved and took over the the opertions of the American Breeders Association because of the Eugenicist sentiments. They believed immigration control was a the way to conserve the intergrity of the american race. J.A. de gobineau-appliced anthropology teachings to the growing field of race teachings. He was European and his teaching fornd an audience with pro-slave Americans. He did not have a lasting impact. William Z. Ripley was an economist who taught at MIT. He had many scholarly interests and developed an interest in Anthropology. He published an extensive volume on The Races of Europe in which he caterogorized the races of Europe into three distinct groups. They were Teutonics-Northern, tall, blond, longheads; Alpines-central,stocky roundheads, and Mediterranean-souther, slender, dark, longheads. He theorizedthat physiological traits reflected georgraphical and social conditions.. He eventuall returned to Economics, but also proposed the idea of race suicide and reversion to primitive forms. Hugo De Vries was a mendelian genetecist who with other scientists performed experiments demonstrating reassertion of latent characters from a remote ancestor in plants and animals. This gave way to topics of race sucide and reversion Madison Grant was a Manhattan socialite and the most important natvist in recent American history. Grant deveoloped a distinct aversion to Jews. He was also concerned with the mixture of the pure European race, and published the work The Passing of a Great Race in 1916 Grant believed Nordics were superior and believed a misxture of races caused reversion and race suicide National Committee on Mental Hygiene- Heavily influenced by Eugenics and its assertion that hereditary mental defects would pour in America with immigration, psychiatrists formed this organization. They succeeded in winnig a provisional bill to the Immigration act of 1914 barring cases of "constitutional psychopathic inferiorty". The qualities that Fletcher Cobb gives to Polak Joe, were one of an animal: the way he made his way by instinct in the dark: he cursed and snared: his repulsive face.:He had hulking shoulders from which dangled ape like arms. He described Welch the foreman, as a short tempered Irish hot head, whoose one gleam balefully. He was very strong. The Cupola driver was made to look more human than the othersThe characteristics, action and opinion of Polak Joe, Welch the Irishman,and the driver, reflect turn century thinking. Joe and Welch were described as animals. Joe was described as having a broad deep forehead, which in turn sloped down into wicked and monkey like brown eyes. Welch was described as Joe's hot tempered tormentor. The Cupola driver was described as more humane than the others.Laurien Vaughn.

//The two types of racial thinking prevalent in the nineteenth century were first the political and literary sources which suggested the the inner vitality of one own's race, rather than the menace of another race (MP 292). The second racial thinking came from the naturalists which concentrated on htr great "primary" grouping of Homo sapiens and used physiological characteristics such as skin color, head shape, height to differentiate from other characteristics ( MP 292). These two ideologies merged to formed the development of sceintific racism and eugenics by trying to preserve the American race pure with perfect breeding, this will enable them to create an America without imperfections.//
 * //What were the two types of racial thinking prevelent in the nineteenth century? How did the merging of these two ideologies lead to the development of scientific racism and eugenics?//

//Count J.A. de Gobineau a racist who reached limited audience of proslavery thinking.// //. Hugo De Vries demonstrated how hybridization sometimes caused a reassertion of laten characters that were inherited from remote ancestors.// //Polak joe was described as a strong, hard worker but no education. The characteristics that were given to Polak joe reflect how the scientific racial and eugenics would separate Joe from other in order to preserve the American race pure, becuase they use scientific examples like Joe to keep breeding pure. Maria Deleon//
 * //Sir Francis Galton started the eugenic movement, he was producing statistical studies to on the inheritance of all sorts of human abilities and deficiencies.//
 * //Charles B. Davenport leader in the eugenicist in America, he persuaded Mrs. E.H. Harrriman to finance a eugenics record office close to him to advise local societies and individuals on eugenical problems.//
 * //National Committee for Mental Hygiene they suceeded in addding to the bill 1914 an odd provision which excluded the cases of "constitutional psychopatic inferiority.//
 * //Immigration Restriction League they beleived that immigration restrictions were keeping the American race pure.//
 * //William Z. Ripley was an economist and a teacher of economics at massachussetts Institute of Technology, Ripley was against the problem of race or the scientific racial thinking//
 * //Madison Grant he put all the pieces together, he had a special hatred of the new immigrants, especially the Jews. He believed in the concept of racial purity.//

//-Though Polak Joe is a stock hard worker, he is seen as dim, and representative of the stereotypes that prevail through the prominence of the Eugenics movement.// //- Sir Francis Galton launched the Eugenics movement based on the ideas of Darwin's studies on trait inheritance. He saw it as a way for breeding positive qualities in humans and a way to breed out perceived negative qualities.// //-Charles Davenport was a leading Eugenicist, studying and indexing human traits leading to the Eugenics Record Office. He preached the ideas of Eugenics heavily and encouraged the American Breeders Association to take it under its wing and lead its propaganda in restricting immigration.// //-The Immigration Restriction League held a permanent committee regarding restrictions on immigration, deeming it necessary to conserve the "American race" and its "good stock".// //-// Ariel Rivera

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